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The manufacture of glass is one of the most important uses of sodium carbonate. When it is combined with sand (SiO2) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and heated to very high temperatures, then cooled very rapidly, glass is produced. This type of glass is known as soda lime glass.

Acetic acid, CH3COOH, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic acid that gives vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. It is a weak acid, in that it is only a partially dissociated acid in an aqueous solution. Pure, water-free acetic acid (glacial acetic acid) is a colorless liquid that absorbs...

Corn starch, cornstarch, or corn flour in the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand and Australia, is the starch of the corn (maize) grain obtained from the endosperm of the corn kernel. It has a distinctive appearance and feels when mixed raw with water or milk, giving easily to gentle pressure but...

A clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners. Chemically it is a mono-substituted benzene derivative, i.e. one in which a single hydrogen atom from the benzene molecule has been replaced by a univalent group, in this case CH3. It is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is...

Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3. Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder. It has a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate).

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or cellulose gum is a cellulose derivative with carboxymethyl groups (-CH2-COOH) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone. It is often used as its sodium salt, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.

Sodium triphosphate (STP, sometimes STPP or sodium tripolyphosphate or TPP] with formula Na5P3O10, is a polyphosphate of sodium. It is the sodium salt of triphosphoric acid.

Potassium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula KOH. Along with sodium hydroxide, this colorless solid is a prototypical "strong base". It has many industrial and niche applications.

POVAL (chemical name: polyvinyl alcohol) is a white, crystalline or powdery, water-soluble synthetic resin. It was first used in manufacturing half a century ago, and remains in widespread use both in Japan and abroad as a functional material with many features. Especially in recent years, its use...

Citric acid is a weak organic acid, and it is a natural preservative and is also used to add an acidic, or sour, taste to foods and soft drinks. In biochemistry, it is important as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle and therefore occurs in the metabolism of virtually all living things. It can...